Chemistry — C-Level
Eight chapters — from chemical bonding through organic compounds and macromolecules.
Chapter 1
Chemical Bonding and Intermolecular Forces
How and why atoms bond — ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding, electronegativity and bond polarity, and the intermolecular forces (van der Waals, hydrogen bonding) that act between molecules.
Chapter 2
Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
Energy changes, exothermic and endothermic reactions, enthalpy diagrams, standard enthalpy, and using Hess's law to calculate enthalpy changes indirectly.
Chapter 3
Chemical Kinetics: Rates of Reaction
How fast reactions happen, collision theory and activation energy, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, and the factors — concentration, temperature, surface area, catalysts — that speed reactions up or slow them down.
Chapter 4
Chemical Equilibrium
What dynamic equilibrium means, how Le Chatelier's principle predicts shifts from concentration, pressure, and temperature changes, and how the equilibrium constant Kc quantifies a reaction's balance point.
Chapter 5
Acid-Base Reactions
Theories of acids and bases, pH and the ionisation of water, weak acid/base equilibria (Ka), salt hydrolysis, and how buffer solutions resist pH change.
Chapter 6
Transition Elements
The 3d series transition elements, the electron configurations behind their variable oxidation states and coloured compounds, and their everyday uses.
Chapter 7
Chemistry and Green Environment
Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere, air/water/soil pollutants, the greenhouse effect, radioactive substances in the environment, and how chemistry supports sustainable development.
Chapter 8
Organic Compounds and Macromolecules
What makes a compound organic, hydrocarbons and homologous series, common functional groups and how to test for them, and how monomers link into natural and synthetic macromolecules.