Chemistry — A-Level
Eight chapters — from the central science through fuels and crude oil.
Chapter 1
The Central Science
What chemistry is, how it connects to biology, physics, medicine and the environment, and the measurement skills every chemist needs.
Chapter 2
Matter and Solutions
States of matter, elements, compounds and mixtures, and how solutions, concentration and solubility work.
Chapter 3
Electronic Structure of Atoms and Periodic Table
Protons, neutrons and electrons, how electrons are arranged in shells, and how the periodic table organizes every element by structure and trend.
Chapter 4
Quantities of Substances: Chemical Calculations
The mole, molar mass, empirical formulas, balancing equations, stoichiometry, concentration, percentage yield and atom economy — every core A-Level chemistry calculation, worked through step by step.
Chapter 5
Non-Metals: Oxygen, Carbon and Halogens
The properties and reactions of oxygen, the allotropes and compounds of carbon, and the trends and reactions of the halogen group.
Chapter 6
Acids, Bases and Salts
The pH scale, strong and weak acids and bases, neutralization, titration, and how salts are prepared.
Chapter 7
Air, Water and Soil
The composition of air and water, pollution and the greenhouse effect, and the composition and pH of soil.
Chapter 8
Fuels and Crude Oil
Hydrocarbons and fractional distillation, complete and incomplete combustion, cracking, and the environmental impact of fossil fuels.